In many cases, outsourced service providers connect directly with one another to create an externalized production flow. For example, an external compositor may send the final PDF files used for print to an ebook conversion service provider. The publishing staff therefore assumes the role of an orchestrator of vendors, never actually directly performing the tasks involved in creating digital products.
And therein lies the danger. If publishing organizations remain outside the direct creative process, they have a limited ability to impact product innovation.3
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